JUN and rheumatoid arthritis: CUR modulates innate immune responses by suppressing the expression and production of critical cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-8, all of which play a crucial role in the development and pathogenesis of RA, via the NF-κB, STAT, and AP1 signaling cascades in innate immune antigen-presenting cells macrophages and dendritic cells [64, 65].