Ma et al. have found that the immune response to liver cancer has the opposite effect and that reducing the abundance of intestinal Clostridial bacteria through the use of antibiotics can increase the levels of primary bile acids and inhibit liver tumors by increasing the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) in sinusoidal endothelial cells, after primary bile acids are metabolized to secondary bile acids by Clostridium bacteria [27]. The gene discussed is CXCL16; the disease is liver cancer.