TNF and cancer: In theory S. nigrum might exert anti-BC effects mainly through acting on MAPK, HIF-1, TNF, PI3K-Ak, P53, NF-kappa B and apoptosis signaling pathways, which are importantly implicated in tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, by directly regulating the expression of EGFR, EERB2, GF, RAS, RAF1, ELK1, FOS, MYC, CCND1, mTOR, HIF1α, NFκB, BCL2, HK, VEGF and IL-6. We hope that the pathway model facilitates a better understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects mediated by S. nigrum based on a comprehensive perspective.