AFP and cancer: This includes therapeutics such as FDA-approved biomarkers including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) [43], carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) [44], or carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) [45], and potential cancer biomarkers such as mucin 1 (MUC1) [44], neuron specific enolase (NSE) [46], osteopontin [47], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) [48], platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [49], epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [50] and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [51], targeted delivery [52], in separation techniques [53], nanotechnology [54], and as receptors in biosensors.