TNF and lung carcinoma: Several studies in vivo and in vitro have also reported that quercetin promoted apoptotic HCC cells through autophagy stimulated by modulating both AKT/mTOR and the MAPK pathway [63], and quercetin-induced autophagy flux also enhanced the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)sensitivity in A549 human lung cancer cells [131].