While this study identified no significant difference in CAC pathology or disease outcome between Nlrc4−/− and control animals [55], a parallel study found that treatment of Nlrc4−/− mice with the DNA damage-inducing compound azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) causes enlarged tumor volume, reduced apoptosis and enhanced colonic epithelial cell proliferation [58]. Here, NLRC4 is linked to neoplasm.