SMAD2 and central nervous system cancer: Using Western blot analysis with specific anti-pSmad2 antibodies, we demonstrated that both the FAP-upregulating U87 glioma cells and FAP-non-upregulating AZVU001A glioma stem-like cells were capable of rapidly phosphorylating the Smad2 protein when exposed to TGFbeta-1 (Figure 8A,B).