TRPV1 and diabetes mellitus: Six days of electrically stimulated quadriceps contractions starting at onset of knee osteoarthritis completely blocked this increase.76 In addition, in models of diabetic neuropathy, there are increases in TRPV1 channels, phosphorylated-p38, phosphorylated m-TOR and its downstream signals S6K1 and 4E-BP1, and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in lumbar DRG.102,165 Regular treadmill training starting at the onset of diabetes was able to block the increases in TRPV1 channels, intracellular messengers, and inflammatory cytokines.