CCL4 and infection: Infection also led to the secretion of the chemokines C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL-1, also known as KC or Gro), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α and MIP-1β, also known as CCL3 and CCL4) by OECs and macrophages.