In addition, proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β transcript expressions were also detected in the monocytes and macrophages in the mouse adipose tissue SVF (Supplementary Figures 7B, C), which were well correlated with the reported proinflammatory function of FAS in obesity (33, 49). Here, FAS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.