ARHGEF15 and neoplasm: HPV oncoproteins, such as E5, E6 and E7, are not only the etiological factors for carcinogenesis for HPV-associated cancers, but some of them are constantly expressed during tumor development and exhibit malignant characteristics via interacting with multiple signaling pathways and regulatory modes that participate in the modulations of intraepithelial neoplasia (IN), tumorigenesis, cell cycle progression, cell survival, and metastasis (88–90) (Figure 4).