IL9 and colonic neoplasm: In addition, microbiota can elicit the production of cytokines (and other immune mediators) by influencing the immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive reactions, such as the tendency to mount Th1/Tc1 (characterized by IFN-γ production), Th2/Tc2 (IL-4 and IL-13), Th17/Tc17 (IL-17), or Th9 (IL-9) responses (21–23) that play different roles in colon cancer (11, 24).