In addition, it has been found that (Chen et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018) invasive F. nucleatum can activate β-catenin signal in CRC through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/phospho-p21-activated kinase 1 (P-PAK1)/P-β-catenin S675 cascade, leading to a significant increase in the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and thus promoting the occurrence of intestinal tumors. Here, PAK1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.