Moreover, T cells specific for myelin antigens have been detected in the blood of MS patients (reviewed in Kaskow and Baecher-Allan, 2018) and found to produce inflammatory mediators such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; Galli et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myeloid sarcoma.