NPY and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, when such VMH norepinephrine/serotonin or PVN NPY/CRH/noradrenaline alterations are recapitulated in healthy animals by hypothalamic micro-infusion of these neuromodulators to these sites, these manipulations potentiate hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, obesity, and SNS activation of adipose lipolysis [57, 58] very much as is observed in the present study with SCN dopamine neuron lesion.