INS and hyperinsulinism: These findings suggest that dopaminergic communication with the SCN that is diminished in insulin resistant states can be causal in its induction and this induction encompasses hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and an over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system, a composite perturbation well known to be associated with and to contribute to cardiometabolic disease [9, 11, 23, 29–32, 89].