CD4 and autoimmune disease: Accordingly, metabolically dysregulated CD4+ T cells were observed in several diseases such as diabetes4, atherosclerosis5, cancers6, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)7,8, multiple sclerosis (MS)9, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)10, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)11,12.