Senescent retinal microglia, systemic or infiltrating monocytes/macrophages associated with AMD, have been found to express escalated inflammatory factors IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, C3, CFB, CXCL1, TGF-β, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O2-), and glutamate [65, 81, 123, 124]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.