FGF1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The new findings of the current study were as follows: (1) aFGF has a potential therapeutic effect in ameliorating myelin pathology and increasing the expression of myelin-related genes in a prolonged T2DM model, (2) this beneficial effect is probably due to the aFGF-mediated increase in SC proliferation and migration and simultaneously attenuation of SC apoptosis, and (3) we determined that the molecular mechanism underlying aFGF controlling myelination and SC deficits under hyperglycemic conditions might be related to the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling-mediated suppression of oxidative stress.