To assess the association between CD103 expression in cSCC and clinical outcome, immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of surgically excised primary cSCCs which subsequently metastasized (P-M, n=38) and surgically excised primary cSCCs which had not metastasized at the time of at least 5 years of patient follow-up (P-NM, n=44) in the dermatology/skin cancer clinics in our hospital. The gene discussed is ITGAE; the disease is nemaline myopathy.