SHH and neoplasm: EVs derived from HNSCC cells can stimulate the proliferation of tumour cells by delivering exosomal 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase (PFKFB3), Sonic Hh (Shh) and other angiogenic proteins and activating the relevant model pathway to induce endothelial proliferation and tube formation [50, 51].Similarly, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell-derived exosomal miRNA-23a directly targets the targeting testis-specific gene antigen (TSGA10) region to accelerate endothelial cell generation and migration to regulate tumour growth [52].