HNSCC-derived EXOs can activate the NF-κB signalling pathway in NK cells to upregulate nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1) expression, promote the expression and phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and release a variety of antitumour inflammatory factors, such as Interferon (IFN), CD40/80/86 [117]. Here, CD40 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.