TNF and colitis: In a mouse model of immunodeficiency-induced colitis, 8 week fish oil supplementation had no effect on mucosal PGE2, TXB2 or LTB4, but upregulated other colonic inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and keratinocyte-derived chemokine [30].