BDNF and Cerebral ischemia: Numerous studies showed that hAMSCs and the conditional medium of hAMSCs (hAMSCs-CM) have a neuroprotection in the phase of cerebral ischemia [112,113], in which the possible mechanism might be related to restoring mTOR activity and inhibiting autophagy [114] or activating neuronal ERK1/ERK2-BDNF signaling pathway [115].