Our data thus confirm the TGF-β activity of milk and dairy products including whey [11] and infant formula [12] based on the activation of TGF-β receptor I kinase expression of IL11 and NOX4 in oral fibroblasts, both genes that mediate the fibrotic activity of TGF-β in cardiovascular and liver fibrosis [8,9] and acute kidney injury and pulmonary fibrosis [10,30], respectively. Here, NOX4 is linked to acute kidney injury.