TNF and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma: This was demonstrated by co-incubating H-1PV-infected semi-permissive pancreatic carcinoma cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), under which conditions induction of Th1 signature and release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were detected in the PBMC population [17].