TGF-β signaling cascades have also been reported to be involved in the bone remodeling process of both CRSsNP and CRSwNP; this is also accompanied by increased expression of TGF-β and TGF-β receptor 1 as well as a higher number of Smad2/3-positive cells [120]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.