A recent study using transcriptome analysis to assess fibroblasts from CRSsNP compared to those from healthy controls revealed an increase in the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 3 (NFE2L3), which was known to be upregulated in tissues cultured with Th1 cytokines, such as TNF and IFN-γ [98]. Here, NFE2L3 is linked to chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.