Ebselen was also shown to improve diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and renal injury by reducing oxidative stress and proatherogenic markers such as VEGF, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in diabetic ApoE−/− GPx−/− mice [76]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus.