Furthermore, indoxyl sulfate treatment in the 5/6 nephrectomy model augmented renal fibrosis and decreased renal function by activating the NOX and RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway; Mito-TEMPO or tempol decreased NOX and increased SOD1 and SOD2 in the thoracic aorta of indoxyl sulfate-treated 5/6 nephrectomy model [161]. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is renal fibrosis.