We found that male castration increased the recruitment of inflammatory cells and upregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-6, similar to clinical reports that higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were noted in men with testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) (Maggio et al., 2006; Tsilidis et al., 2013). Here, TNF is linked to hypogonadism.