CTLA4 and neoplasm: In mouse models, the combination of an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody and a DC vaccine demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity.31 In a phase I clinical trial of 16 patients with melanoma treated with the combination of MART-1 peptide-pulsed DCs and tremelimumab, a higher rate of durable objective tumor responses was observed than what was expected from each agent alone.32 In our study, patient 6 had an enlarged tumor in the upper left lung after Neo-DCVac immunization (information on the neoantigens used by this patient is shown in Supplementary Table 6).