We demonstrate that productive infection of macrophages can be altered by TLR signaling in response to purified ligands and bacterial coinfection, with TLR2- and TLR5-mediated signaling activating HIV-1 and TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling repressing HIV-1 replication in MDMs (Fig. 1). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is infection.