Previous studies in canine large intestinal IBD have found increased mRNA expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)2, 4 and 9 and decreased expression of TLR5, as well as increased mRNA expression of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2 and activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [41–43]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.