MDM2 and cancer: P53 is a tumor inhibitor, and its activation by reactive oxygen species leads to the autophagy and apoptosis of cancer cells (37); however, p53 is always inactivated in tumor cells due to the mutation or deletion of the TP53 gene or inhibited by overexpression of MDM2, leading to metastatic potential (38,39), while PD has been reported to target mutant p53 to suppress the progression of breast cancer (40).