CXCL9 and neoplasm: Utilization of direct local injection of a single dose of IL-12:Fc as used in this study allows for the local benefits observed within the tumor microenvironment to be maintained whilst limiting systemic toxicity; we only found a transient upregulation of IL-12-induced cytokines such as IFN-γ and CXCL9, which resolved 11 days post injection.