EPO and myelodysplastic syndrome: The main inclusion criteria were: MDS with ring sideroblasts (according to the 2016 WHO classification, i.e., either ≥15% ring sideroblasts or ≥5% ring sideroblasts with Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) mutation); IPSS-R risk very low; low, or intermediate, transfusion-dependent anemia; and a disease refractory or unlikely to respond to ESAs (i.e., endogenous EPO levels >200 U/l or intolerance to ESAs).