In endothelial dysfunction, activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway has highlighted elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1 β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [273,274]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and endothelial dysfunction.