ATF4 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: Empagliflozin has also been found to induce a protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting IRE1a-Xbp1 and ATF4-CHOP pathways [46], whilst it can also improve β-cell mass in streptozotocin-treated mice through down-regulation of Xbp1, BiP and ATF4 [18].