TNF and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Cell necrosis in DMD muscles parallels a strong inflammatory response involving different factors such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cyclooxygenase (COX), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leukotriene B-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Hippo signaling pathways, all of which are considered possible therapeutic targets [9,10,11,12,13].