INS and Alzheimer disease: To address whether LIR has neuroprotective effects in the prodromal stage of AD, we used both wild type (WT) mice with STZ injections as SAD model and young transgenic 5xFAD mice to investigate and compare the neuroprotective effects of LIR on neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, Aβ-plaque deposition and insulin-signaling changes in the brain, as well as assessing the level of cognitive function in both models of prodromal AD.