SMAD3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: In short, EGCG reduced the prostatic expression of VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and EGF; decreased the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β1 receptor 1, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); decreased the phosphorylation-Smad3 (known as mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3); reduced the expression of AR and ER-α, enhanced ER-β expression; and enhanced miR-133a/b in BPH rats [107].