Third, the most relevant observation is that HCC exhibited an increase in choline derivatives, including phosphocholine (PC), a precursor and a breakdown product of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), suggesting a change in membrane structure and function with the possible activation of choline kinase (CK) and PtdCho hydrolysis involving phospholipases (Figure 1A). Here, CHKA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.