In HNSCC, anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been both approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicine’s Agency (EMA) for platinum-refractory R/M disease based on landmark clinical trials demonstrating superior OS or durable response rate (RR), respectively, in patients treated with these agents [4,5]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.