TNF and infection: The most significant pathways enriched with upregulated DEG (Figure 5A) included Herpes simplex infection (RF = 0.31, padj = 1.12E-24), TNF signaling pathway (RF = 0.46, padj = 2.09E-24), and Influenza A pathway (RF = 0.33, padj = 9.78E-22), which are entries commonly triggered by endogenous inflammation or pathogen infections.