Thus, JAK3 promotes survival and proliferation of malignant T cells and expression of proto-oncogenes/oncomiRs and cytokines (IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17F and LTA), some of which are growth factor to malignant T cells while others modulate the tumour micro-environment (TME) and anti-cancer immunity (Summarized in Table S1). Here, IL9 is linked to cancer.