Researchers have proven that HE commonly exhibits high levels of secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and induces more pro-inflammatory microglia (M1 phenotype) than anti-inflammatory (M2 phenotype) [89]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hereditary elliptocytosis.