CSF1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: High expression levels of TWIST1, CSF1, and CD68 proteins were observed in patients with oral cancer at advanced stages (total expression values of TWIST1, CSF1, and CD68 were 63.5%, 75%, and 60.8%, respectively), while in normal oral tissues surrounding OSCC, the expression was very weak to undetectable (Figure 2B).