In hamsters coinfected with OV and H. pylori, increased levels of IL-1, α-smooth muscle antibodies (α-SMA), and transformation growth factor beta (TGF-β) were demonstrated, leading to further accumulation of inflammatory cells, and increased bile duct and liver fibrosis, finally resulting in decreased animal survival rate, compared with control (38). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.