TNF and colitis: Li et al. found that ginsenoside metabolite K relieved histopathological damage in mice with DSS-induced colitis, decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (Fig. 2b), reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and increased the production of IL-10 in colon tissue and peripheral blood [51].