ESR1 and melanoma: ERα is best known for its role in supporting estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth, whereas ERβ has an antitumor activity in multiple cancer types including breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian, melanoma and glioma.1 2 Research on tumor-related functions of ERα and ERβ has been primarily focused on their tumor-intrinsic activities in regulation of cancer cell behaviors including tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion.