PRDM16 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Furthermore, we discovered 5929 CpGs with significantly different 5mC levels between recurrent and non-recurrent groups (p < 0.01 and methylation change |Δβ|≥ 10%) that span a number of putative growth regulatory genes including SLC12A7, PRDM16, and PTPRN2. We also identified a set of 43 CpGs that not only distinguish the low SSIGN recurrent from non-recurrent groups, but also segregate aggressive ccRCCs regardless of SSIGN score in TCGA ccRCC datasets.