However, to date, only a limited number of studies on murine models of infection with RNA viruses (LCMV, VSV, and influenza virus), in conditions of ICOS deficiency or blockade with an ICOSL-Ig molecule, have been reported, and shown that ICOS triggering plays a marginal although significant role in the development of CD4+ T-cell effector responses (Bertram et al., 2002; Kopf et al., 2000). Here, ICOS is linked to infection.