TGFB1 and liver cancer: Clinically, high levels of TGF-β are associated with a favorable prognosis in early-stage cancers, supporting a primarily tumor-suppressive role for this signaling pathway; however, in advanced-stage or metastatic tumors, high levels of TGF-β are associated with tumor invasiveness and dedifferentiation, highlighting the context-dependence of TGF-β signaling effects even in liver cancers [16-19].